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Henry III of England

Henry III of England reigned for 56 year from 1216 until his death in 1272. His close friends or aquiantances called him Henry of Winchester. He was the first child king since the reign of Ethelread the Unready. His coronation at age nine was a simple affair, attended by only a handful of noblemen and three bishops. Although, he was pronounced king without the crown. The crown had recently been lost in his fathers wreck which had killed him. Hence him taking over at the age of 9. In place of the crown, they placed a gold band around the boys head. In 1244, when the Scots threatened to invade England, King Henry III visited York Castle and ordered it rebuilt in stone. The work commenced in 1245, and took some 20 to 25 years to complete.

The Second Crusade

The Second Crusade was launched from Europe by Pope Eugene III in 1145. The crusade lasted until 1149 and was the first to be led by European Kings. Louis VII of France, Conrad III of Germany, and the help of many other European nobles. The armies of the two kings marched seperately across Europe. After crossing Byzantine territory into Anatolia, both armies were seperately defeated by the Seljug Turks. The only success of the Second Crusade came to a combined force of 13,000 Flemish, Frisian, Norman, English, Scottish, and German crusaders in 1147. Travelling from England, by ship to the Holy Land, the army stopped and helped the smaller 7,000 Portuguese army in the capture of Lisbon. [] The success of the Christians in the First Crusade had been largely due to the disunion among their enemies. But the Moslems learned in time the value of united action, and in 1144 A.D. succeeded in capturing Edessa, one of the principal Christian outposts in the East.



__The Black Death__ The first outbreak of the plague was in England in 1348. C oming out of the East, the Black Death reached the shores of Italy in the spring of 1348 unleashing a rampage of death across Europe unprecedented in recorded history. By the time the epidemic played itself out three years later, anywhere between 25% and 50% of Europe's population had fallen due to the deadly disease. The plague presented itself in three forms. The bubonic variant (the most common) got its name from the swellings or buboes that appeared on a victim's neck, armpits or groin. These tumors could range in size from an egg to an apple. The disease was very easily spread and could be caught by a smiple cough. When Scotland invaded England when they saw that they were weak, they also ended up with the plague. The plague traveled on ships to traders, it traveled through animals(mostly mice), and seemed to kill most everything in its path. The Black Death also killed more people than the Holocaust.